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1.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 69(4): 245-258, dic. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1103670

ABSTRACT

Estas recomendaciones se basan en la evidencia científica actual derivada de meta-análisis y revisiones sistemáticas sobre nutrición y prevención de infecciones respiratorias causadas por los virus SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV o influenza, similares en su estructura al SARS-CoV-2. Están dirigidas al personal en la primera línea de atención de salud y al personal que presta servicios esenciales a la comunidad, con alto riesgo de infección por la COVID-19. Estas personas usan equipo de protección personal, cumplen largos turnos laborales, en ocasiones bajo condiciones extremas, lo que puede llevar a descanso insuficiente, alto nivel de estrés, depresión, pobre calidad en la alimentación y deshidratación. Todos estos factores influyen negativamente en el sistema inmune y podrían conllevar un mayor riesgo de infección. Una ingesta adecuada de micronutrientes y otros compuestos bioactivos es esencial para el desempeño óptimo del sistema inmune. Existe evidencia moderada que avala la suplementación, en forma individual, con vitamina C (2 000 mg), vitamina D (1 000-2 000 UI) y zinc (≤ 40 mg) en la prevención de infecciones respiratorias en adultos. No se encontró evidencia suficiente para avalar la suplementación con vitamina A, niacina, ácido fólico, B12, omega 3, probióticos y polifenoles, aunque si se recomienda el consumo de alimentos ricos en estos nutrientes para apoyar al sistema inmune. Se recomienda al personal seguir la recomendación de consumir 5 porciones/día (400 g) de frutas y vegetales/hortalizas, mantenerse hidratado y limitar la cafeína. No hay evidencia del consumo de alimentos alcalinos para prevenir infecciones. Estas recomendaciones son particularmente importantes durante la pandemia(AU)


These recommendations are based on current scientific evidence obtained through meta-analysis and systematic reviews on nutrition and the prevention of respiratory infections related to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV or influenza, similar in structure to SARS-CoV-2. They are aimed at primary health care personnel and to those who provide essential services to the community and are, consequently, at high risk of COVID-19 infection. These individuals wear personal protective equipment, work long shifts, sometimes under extreme conditions, which can lead to insufficient rest, high stress levels, depression, poor nutrition and dehydration. Together, these factors have a negative impact on the immune system and could result in an increased risk of infection. An adequate intake of micronutrients and other bioactive compounds is essential for optimal immune performance. There is moderate evidence supporting supplementation, individually, with vitamin C (2 000 mg), vitamin D (1 000-2 000 IU) and zinc (≤40 mg) for the prevention of respiratory infections in adults. Insufficient evidence was found to support supplementation with vitamin A, niacin, folic acid, B12, omega 3, probiotics and polyphenols; however, the consumption of foods rich in these nutrients is recommended to support immune function. It is recommended that workers follow the recommendation of consuming 400 g/day of fruits and vegetables, remain hydrated and limit caffeine. There is no scientific evidence supporting the consumption of alkaline foods to prevent infections. The aforementioned recommendations are particularly relevant during the pandemic(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control , Health Personnel , Coronavirus Infections , Micronutrients/administration & dosage , Immune System , Recommended Dietary Allowances , Diet, Food, and Nutrition , Nutritional Requirements
2.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 69(4): 259-273, dic. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1103673

ABSTRACT

La crisis por COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) puede convertirse en una catástrofe alimentaria para Latinoamérica, aumentando las personas que padecen hambre de 135 a 265 millones, especialmente en Venezuela, Guatemala, Honduras, Haití y El Salvador, que ya enfrentaban crisis económicas y sanitarias. Este manuscrito presenta la posición de un grupo de expertos latinoamericanos sobre las recomendaciones de consumo y/o suplementación con vitamina A, C, D, zinc, hierro, folatos y micronutrientes múltiples, en contextos de desnutrición, para grupos vulnerables: mujeres embarazadas y lactantes, niñas y niños menores de 5 años y adultos mayores. Las recomendaciones buscan disminuir el impacto potencial que tendrá COVID-19 en el estado nutricional, durante la pandemia. La posición surge de la discusión de dichos expertos con base a la revisión de evidencia científica actual para estos grupos vulnerables. Está dirigida a tomadores de decisiones, encargados de políticas públicas, personal de salud y organismos de la sociedad civil. Después de la lactancia materna y una dieta suficiente en cantidad y calidad, la suplementación con los micronutrientes presentados, puede contribuir a prevenir y tratar enfermedades virales, reforzar el sistema inmune y reducir complicaciones. La lactancia materna con medidas de higiene respiratoria, el suministro de múltiples micronutrientes en polvo para niños desde los 6 meses hasta los 5 años y el aporte de hierro y folatos o micronutrientes múltiples para la embarazada, son estrategias comprobadas y eficaces que deben seguirse implementando en tiempos de COVID-19. Para los adultos mayores la suplementación con vitamina C, D y zinc puede estar indicada(AU)


The COVID-19 crisis (SARS-CoV-2) might transform into a food catastrophe in Latin America and would increase the number of people suffering from hunger from 135 to 265 million, particularly in Venezuela, Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti and El Salvador, already facing economic and health crises. This manuscript presents the position of a group of Latin American experts in nutrition for establishing the recommendations for consumption and / or supplementation with vitamin A, C, D, zinc, iron, folates and multiple micronutrients, in undernutrition contexts, for vulnerable population of pregnant and lactating women, children under 5 years and the elderly. The recommendations seek to decrease the potential impact that COVID-19 will have on nutritional status during the pandemic. The position arises from the discussion of the experts based on the review of current scientific evidence for these vulnerable groups. It aims to reach stakeholders, public policy makers, health personnel and civil society organizations. Only after breastfeeding and a sufficient diet in terms of quantity and quality, a supplementation with the micronutrients mentioned above can help prevent and treat viral diseases, strengthen the immune system and even reduce complications. Breastfeeding with respiratory hygiene measures, the provision of multiple micronutrients powders for children from 6 moths to 5 years of age and the supply of iron and folates or multiple micronutrients tablets for pregnant women are proven and effective strategies that must continue to be implemented during COVID-19 pandemic. For older adults, supplementation with vitamin C, D and zinc might be indicated(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Respiratory Tract Infections , Nutrition for Vulnerable Groups , Hunger , Micronutrients , COVID-19/epidemiology , Immune System , Avitaminosis , Dietary Supplements , Deficiency Diseases , Malnutrition , Pandemics , Latin America
3.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 38(11): 2109-2116, Nov. 2018. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-976410

ABSTRACT

Rabies is an incurable and fatal progressive viral encephalomyelitis that causes approximately 61,000 deaths a year globally mainly by dog bites, which show the importance of anti-rabies vaccination in dogs to achieve elimination of the disease. In Colombia, multiple cases of human rabies transmitted by dogs and cats have been reported since 1999, showing an increased significance of cats in the transmission of rabies, mainly in rabies of wild origin. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the development of neutralizing antibodies in dogs and cats during the mass vaccination campaign of the second half of 2015 in the city of Bucaramanga. For this purpose, a descriptive cross-sectional study with convenience sampling was conducted in 382 dogs and cats (295 dogs, 87 cats), and an evaluation of the humoral immune response of the animals was performed by quantitative ELISA. The prevalence of optimal neutralizing antibodies (>0.5 IU/ml) was only 32.76% (95% CI=28.05-37.46%) in the entire population studied and most of the animals did not have an adequate response to the vaccination, or seroconversion was not detected on them (65.45-95% confidence interval, CI=60.68-70.21%). Significant difference was found between the neutralizing antibody titers in cats and dogs, with a higher neutralizing response in cats. In conclusion, although mass vaccination campaigns for dogs and cats are the most important measure to interrupt virus circulation among the animals, achievement of a good neutralizing immune response in the animals is useful to demonstrate that vaccination has been successful, allowing the maintenance of the required minimum levels of population immunity. These results will allow the implementation of corrective measures in Bucaramanga to achieve better seroconversion rates. Other cities are expected to implement similar seroconversion assessments to verify the quality of effective anti-rabies vaccination in animal populations.(AU)


A raiva é uma encefalomielite viral progressiva incurável e fatal que causa aproximadamente 61.000 mortes por ano no mundo, principalmente por mordidas de cães, que mostram a importância da vacinação anti-rábica em cães para conseguir a eliminação da doença. Na Colômbia, vários casos de raiva humana transmitida por cães e gatos foram relatados desde 1999, mostrando um aumento na importância de gatos na transmissão da raiva, principalmente em raiva de origem selvagem. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de anticorpos neutralizantes em cães e gatos durante a campanha de vacinação em massa do segundo semestre de 2015 na cidade de Bucaramanga. Para este propósito, um estudo descritivo transversal com amostragem de conveniência foi realizado em 382 cães e gatos (295 cães, 87 gatos), e uma avaliação da resposta imune humoral dos animais foi realizada por ELISA quantitativo. A prevalência de anticorpos neutralizantes ótimos (>0,5 UI/ml) foi de apenas 32,76% (IC 95% = 28,05-37,46%) em toda a população estudada e a maioria dos animais não teve resposta adequada à vacinação, ou a soroconversão foi não detectado neles (65,45-95% intervalo de confiança IC = 60,68-70,21%). Diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes em gatos e cães, com uma maior resposta neutralizante em gatos. Em conclusão, embora as campanhas de vacinação em massa para cães e gatos sejam a medida mais importante para interromper a circulação do vírus entre os animais, a obtenção de uma boa resposta imunológica neutralizante nos animais é útil para demonstrar que a vacinação foi bem sucedida, permitindo a manutenção necessária dos níveis mínimos de imunidade da população. Esses resultados permitirão que a implementação de medidas corretivas em Bucaramanga alcance melhores taxas de soroconversão. Outras cidades devem implementar avaliações similares de soroconversão para verificar a qualidade da vacinação anti-rábica efetiva em populações animais.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Rabies virus/immunology , Cats/immunology , Vaccination/veterinary , Dogs/immunology
4.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 22(4): 257-272, July-Aug. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-974229

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Dengue, the most prevalent arboviral disease worldwide, is caused by any of the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes that co-circulate constantly in hyperendemic areas such as Medellin (Colombia), and these serotypes are transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. In this study, we evaluated the replicative capacity of strains isolated in Medellin between 2003 and 2007 in C6/36 cells and in colonies of Aedes aegypti collected during 2010-2011 from high or low-incidence areas within the same city. The phylogenetic analysis grouped isolates according to the predominant genotypes found in the Americas, and the in vitro characterization showed differences in the morphological changes induced by the isolates of each of the isolated serotypes compared to the reference serotypes. In vitro replicative capacity studies demonstrated that genomic copy number increased at four days post-infection and that cell viability decreased significantly compared to the control for all serotypes. The largest number of genomic copies in C6/36 was produced by DENV-2, followed by DENV-1 and DENV-4; DENV-3 produced the smallest number of genomic copies and had the smallest negative effect on cell viability. Finally, differences in the in vivo replication of intercolonial serotypes between the Rockefeller colony and the field colonies and among the intracolonial serotypes were found. The replication of DENV-2 at 7 and 14 days in both high- and low-incidence colonies was higher than that of the other serotypes, and replication of DENV-3 in the mosquito colonies was the most stable on the days evaluated. Our results support the notion that replication and, possibly, DENV transmission and severity depend on many factors, including serotype and vector characteristics.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Virus Replication , Aedes/virology , Dengue/transmission , Dengue Virus/physiology , Insect Vectors/virology , Phylogeny , Urban Population , Colombia , Dengue/virology , Dengue Virus/isolation & purification , Dengue Virus/genetics , Serogroup
5.
Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam ; 52(2): 213-226, jun. 2018. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-949335

ABSTRACT

Debido a la importancia que han alcanzado las algas en la alimentación de los países occidentales aquí se estudió el potencial de las algas Nori y Wakame como fuentes de fibra y capacidad antioxidante en ratas en crecimiento alimentadas con dietas suficientes o deficientes en vitamina E (vit E) durante 15 días. Hubo 3 grupos de ratas que recibieron dietas: 1. grupo control, 2. grupo Nori y 3 grupo Wakame con vit E y 3 grupos similares sin vit E. En las dietas con vit E, Nori produjo una reducción de crecimiento y las dos algas causaron una acumulación de vit E hepática, una reducción en la vit E plasmática y un aumento en TBARS en plasma e hígado. En contraste, cuando las algas se ofrecieron en dietas exentas de vit E, el grupo Nori recuperó su capacidad de crecer, mantuvo una mayor reserva de vit E en el hígado que el grupo control deficiente en vit E y el consumo de ambas algas resultó en TBARS plasmáticos por debajo de las ratas controles deficientes en vit E, lo que señaló que las algas se comportaron mejor en dietas sin vit E. Adicionalmente, se observó que las algas estimularon la función excretora del intestino sin afectar su capacidad absortiva.


In western countries, edible seaweed consumption has markedly increased in recent years. Accordingly, in this study the antioxidant capacity and fiber value of Nori and Wakame algae were evaluated in growing rats fed with sufficient of deficient vitamin E. There were 3 groups of rats: 1. Control, 2. Nori and 3. Wakame with vitamin E and 3 similar groups without vitamin E. The diet with Nori and sufficient vitamin E caused a reduction in growth and Nori and Wakame were associated with liver vitamin E accumulation, plasma vitamin E reduction and an increase in TBARS in liver and plasma. In contrast, when the same diets were offered without vitamin E, the Nori fed rats recovered their growing capacity, they maintained a higher vitamin E reserve than the control or Wakame fed rats, and the consumption of both algae was associated with lower plasma TBARS than vitamin E deficient rats, indicating that these algae are best accepted when offered without vitamin E. In addition, both algae improved the excretory capacity of the intestine without affecting its absorption function.


Visto que nos países ocidentais revestiu importância o consumo de algas na alimentação, aqui foi estudado o potencial das algas Nori e Wakame como fontes de fibra e capacidade antioxidante em ratos em crescimento, alimentados com dietas suficientes ou deficientes em vitamina E (vit E) durante 15 dias. Houve 3 grupos de ratos que receberam dietas: 1. grupo controle, 2. grupo Nori e 3. grupo Wakame com vit E e 3 grupos similares sem vit E. Nas dietas com vit E, Nori produziu uma redução no crescimento e as duas algas provocaram uma acumulação de vit E hepática, redução da vit E plasmática e aumento em TBARS em plasma e fígado. Em contraste, quando as algas foram oferecidas em dietas sem vitamina E, o grupo Nori recuperou sua capacidade de crescimento, manteve maior reserva de vit E no fígado do que o grupo controle deficiente em vit E e o consumo de ambas as algas resultou em TBARS plasmáticos mais baixos do que nos ratos do grupo controle deficientes em vitamina E, indicando que essas algas são melhor aceitas quando oferecidas sem vit E. E, também, as algas melhoraram a capacidade de excreção do intestino sem afetar sua função de absorção.


Subject(s)
Vitamin E , Vitamin E Deficiency , Food Technology , Antioxidants , Rats , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances , Diet , Absorption , Growth
6.
Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam ; 51(1): 83-94, mar. 2017. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-886102

ABSTRACT

Las recomendaciones de consumo de fibra no se cumplen y hay una necesidad por alimentos con fibra. El salvado de arroz (SA) tiene fibra y propiedades antioxidantes. Aquí se evaluaron estas propiedades en ratas suficientes (+) y deficientes (-) en Vitamina E (VitE) con o sin SA. Las ratas fueron divididas en cuatro grupos. Dos consumieron dietas +VitE y uno tenía SA. Los restantes consumieron dietas -VitE y uno tenía SA. El consumo de alimento, su eficiencia y el crecimiento, fueron similares entre los 4 grupos pero la masa fecal húmeda o seca fue 3 veces superior en los SA+. La hemoglobina en sangre y el hierro hepático fueron similares entre grupos, pero en los grupos (SA-) la VitE hepática fue 10 veces menor en las ratas -VitE que en las +VitE. Sin embargo, en las ratas -VitE/SA+, la VitE hepática fue sólo 2,6 veces menor. Este efecto del SA también se detectó en los eritrocitos, ya que la catalasa y la glutatión reductasa aumentaron en el grupo -VitE/SA-pero no en el grupo -VitE/SA+. El estudio muestra que SA no interfirió con el crecimiento y el metabolismo del hierro, sino que tuvo un efecto laxante y previno parcialmente la deficiencia de VitE.


Dietary fiber requirements are met by only a small fraction of the population. There is need for supplemented foods to fill this gap. Rice bran (RB) is high in fiber and has antioxidant properties. The effects of rice bran fiber on several metabolic indicators and the antioxidant capacity of rice bran in rats was reported. Rats were divided into 4 dietary groups: Vitamin E-sufficient with (+VitE/RB+) or without (+VitE/RB-) rice bran; Vitamin E-deficient with (-VitE/RB+) or without (-VitE/RB-) rice bran. Food intake, growth and feed efficiency were similar in all groups but wet and dry fecal mass of the RB+ groups were 3 times higher than the RB- groups. Blood hemoglobin and liver iron were also similar among all groups. However, the liver VitE concentration of the rats of (-VitE/RB-) group was 10x lower than the (+VitE/RB-) group. In contrast, liver VitE of the rats (-VitE/RB+) was only 2.6x lower. This effect of RB was also seen in erythrocytes since, catalase and glutathione reductase increased in the VitE deficient rats but RB prevented this increase. This study shows that dietary RB did not interfere with growth, feed efficiency and iron metabolism, it provided dietary fiber and laxation and partially prevented VitE deficiency.


As recomendações de ingestão de fibras não são cumpridos e existe uma necessidade de alimentos ricos em fibras. Farelo de arroz (FA) tem fibra e propriedades antioxidantes. Aqui, estas propriedades foram avaliadas em ratos suficientes (+) e pobres (-) em Vitamina E (VitE) com ou sem FA. Os ratos foram divididos em 4 grupos. Dois consumiram dietas +VitE e um tinha FA. Os restantes consumiram dietas -ViteE e um tinha FA. O consumo de alimento, sua eficiência e crescimento foram semelhantes entre os 4 grupos, mas nos grupos (FA-) a VitE hepática foi 10 vezes menor nos ratos -VitE que nos +VitE. Entretanto, nos ratos -VitE/FA+, a VitE hepática foi apenas 2,6 vezes menor. Este efeito do FA também foi detectado nos eritrócitos, visto que catalase e glutationa redutase aumentaram no grupo -VitE/FA-, mas não no grupo -VitE/FA+. O estudo mostra que FA não interferiu no crescimento ou no metabolismo do ferro, porém teve um efeito laxante e impediu parcialmente a deficiência de VitE.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Oryza/adverse effects , Vitamin E Deficiency/etiology , Vitamin E/analysis , Antioxidants/analysis , Dietary Fiber , Eating , Rats
8.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 66(1): 84-100, ene.-mar. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: lil-717210

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Aedes aegypti es el vector responsable de transmitir el virus dengue, la densidad de la población en los estadios larvales puede afectar las características de vida del adulto, con implicaciones en la capacidad de transmisión viral. Objetivo: determinar el efecto de la competición larval causada por la alta densidad en colonias de Aedes aegypti procedentes de zonas de alta y baja incidencia de dengue en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, así como en una colonia de referencia en el laboratorio. Métodos: en las 3 colonias se evaluó el tiempo de desarrollo y supervivencia larval, así como el tamaño y el tiempo de supervivencia de los adultos. Resultados: se encontró que la competición larval en condiciones de alta densidad redujo de manera significativa el tiempo de desarrollo y la supervivencia de los últimos estadios larvales. Por otro lado, la alta densidad experimentada durante la etapa larval, también generó cambios en los adultos de las 3 colonias, representados en una disminución significativa del tamaño y una disminución en el tiempo de supervivencia (esta última solo en las colonias de campo). Conclusión: a pesar de que no se obtuvieron diferencias frente al efecto competitivo entre las colonias de campo provenientes de zonas con desigualdades en la incidencia de dengue en Medellín, la diferencia en respuesta obtenida en la colonia de laboratorio en comparación con las colonias de campo, hace pensar que es importante la evaluación de parámetros ecológicos sobre poblaciones de Aedes aegypti silvestres, porque estas evaluaciones acercarían más al comportamiento del vector. Estudios en curso en el laboratorio permitirán conocer si las diferencias encontradas entre las colonias afectan la competencia de Aedes aegypti frente a la infección por virus dengue(AU)


Introduction: Aedes aegypti is the vector transmitting the dengue virus. Larval density may affect adult life, with an impact on viral transmission capacity. Objective: determine the effect of larval competition caused by high density in Aedes aegypti colonies from areas of high and low dengue incidence in the city of Medellín, Colombia, and in a reference colony in the laboratory. Methods: the three colonies were evaluated for larval development and survival time, as well as size and survival time in adults. Results: it was found that in high density conditions larval competition significantly shortened development and survival time in the last larval stages. High density during the larval stage also brought about changes in adults from the three colonies, represented by a significantly reduced size and a decrease in survival time (the latter only in the field colonies). Conclusion: no differences in competitive effect were found between the field colonies from areas with unequal dengue incidence in Medellín. However, the difference in the response obtained from the laboratory colony in contrast to the field colony, points to the need to evaluate the ecological parameters of wild Aedes aegypti populations to obtain a more accurate view of the behavior of the vector. Laboratory studies in progress will make it possible to know whether the differences found between the colonies affect the competence of Aedes aegypti for dengue virus infection(AU)


Subject(s)
Vector Control of Diseases , Disease Vectors , Larva/growth & development , Colombia , Life Cycle Stages
9.
Electron. j. biotechnol ; 16(5): 8-8, Sept. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-690468

ABSTRACT

Background: The progress in material science and the recent advances in biodegradable/biocompatible polymers and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have led to develop innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for diseases based on multifunctional nanoparticles, which include contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging, agent for hyperthermia and nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. The aim of this work is to synthesize and characterize superparamagnetic iron oxide (magnetite), and to encapsulate them into poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Results: The magnetite nanoparticles were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and exhibited a size of 22.3 ± 8.8 nm measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Polymeric PHBV nanoparticles loaded with magnetite (MgNPs) were analyzed using dynamic light scattering and showed a size of 258.6 ± 35.7 nm and a negative zeta potential (-10.8 ± 3.5 mV). The TEM examination of MgNPs exhibited a spherical core-shell structure and the magnetic measurements showed in both, non-encapsulated magnetite and MgNPs, a superparamagnetic performance. Finally, the in vitro studies about the magnetic retention of MgNPs in a segment of small intestine of rats showed an active accumulation in the region of the magnetic field. Conclusions: The results obtained make the MgNPs suitable as potential magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, also promoting hyperthermia and even as potential nanocarriers for site-specific transport and delivery of drugs.


Subject(s)
Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Drug Delivery Systems , Contrast Media , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Nanomedicine , Magnetite Nanoparticles/analysis , Magnetite Nanoparticles/ultrastructure , Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles/chemistry , Hyperthermia, Induced
11.
Med. lab ; 18(9-10): 411-441, 2012. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-834729

ABSTRACT

Resumen: El dengue es la enfermedad viral transmitida por vectores de mayor importancia en el mundo. Debido a que hasta el momento no existe una vacuna licenciada para la prevención de la infección ni una terapia específica para controlar la enfermedad, el diagnóstico temprano y específico resulta ser una herramienta de vital importancia para brindar un tratamiento rápido y oportuno al paciente. Aunque hace más de seis décadas se dispone de una variedad de técnicas de laboratorio para el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad, es frecuente encontrar que noexista un consenso en el personal o en las entidades colombianas encargadas del diagnóstico de laboratorio sobre las ventajas y las limitaciones de estas técnicas, lo que dificulta dichodiagnóstico. Adicionalmente, debido a que la mayoría de técnicas que se usan se basan en la respuesta inmune frente al virus, y se pueden presentar reacciones cruzadas con otros virusgenéticamente relacionados, la posibilidad de falsos positivos es alta. Principalmente, por estarazón, en los últimos años ha aumentado el desarrollo y la validación de técnicas moleculares,ya que son más sensibles, específicas y rápidas que las técnicas celulares e inmunológicas.Teniendo en cuenta estos antecedentes, se hace necesario comparar a la luz de la literatura disponible la utilidad real de las técnicas de laboratorio existentes, clasificándolas en celulares,inmunológicas y moleculares.


Abstract: Dengue is the vector-borne viral disease of major importance in the world. Because so far there is no licensed vaccine that can be used to prevent the infection and there is no specific antiviral treatment, the early and specific diagnosis is a powerful tool to provide prompt and timely management of the patient. Despite during more than six decades there has been available a wide variety of laboratory techniques that can be used for the diagnosis of dengue, there is often lack of a consensus among the people or entities responsible of the diagnosis about the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques; for this reason, the diagnosis of dengue is more difficult. Moreover, taking into account that most of the techniques used are based on the immune response against dengue virus, and a cross reactivity with other viruses genetically related could be possible; the possibility of false positives is high. Accordingly, in recent years the development and validation of molecular techniques has increased, as they are more sensitive, specific and rapid than the cellular and immunological techniques. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the usefulness of laboratory techniques to dengue diagnosis, such as cellular, immunological and molecular tests.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dengue , Dengue Virus , Immunologic Tests , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
12.
Iatreia ; 23(2): 146-156, jun. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-599253

ABSTRACT

Las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores constituyen un complejo problema de salud en el ámbito mundial, especialmente en áreas tropicales y subtropicales, que por sus condiciones ambientales favorecen la supervivencia del vector. El dengue es la principal enfermedad transmitida por vectores en el mundo, cuyo agente etiológico es el Virus Dengue, el cual es transmitido por la picadura de mosquitos hematófagos de la especie Aedes aegypti. La interacción virus-vector es esencial para una transmisión efectiva y depende de factores tanto virales como vectoriales. Entre los factores relacionados con el vector, la competencia vectorial es considerada de gran importancia, pues se refiere a la capacidad intrínseca del vector para infectarse con el virus, permitir su replicación y posteriormente su transmisión a un huésped susceptible. A su vez, la habilidad para ser un buen vector depende principalmente de barreras naturales a la infección, barreras inmunológicas y presencia de receptores específicos para el virus. Todas estas características, sumadas a las características propias del virus, favorecerán o no la transmisión del mismo. Un estudio integral dela relación virus-vector permitirá comprender sus implicaciones en la epidemiología de la enfermedad. Estos temas han sido revisados en el presente documento, discutiendo su importancia dentro del contexto entomológico y epidemiológico.


Vector-borne diseases are a serious problem in public health, especially in tropical and subtropical areas where environmental conditions favor the survival and expansion of vectors into new habitats. Dengue fever is one of the most important vector-borne diseases transmitted by arthropods (arbovirosis) worldwide. The etiologic agent of the disease is the dengue virus, which is transmitted by the bite of bloodsucking Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The virus-vector interaction is essential for the efficient transmission of the disease, and depends on both, viral factors and vector competence or intrinsic vector capacity to be infected with the virus. Vector competence allows virus replication and subsequent transmission to susceptible hosts. Factors that influence vector capacity include: natural barriers to infection, immunological defenses as well as the presence of receptors for the virus. All these factors inaddition to the viral characteristics will determine the degree of transmission. There is a need for a better understanding of the virus-vector relationship and its epidemiological implications. These issues are addressed in this article.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dengue/epidemiology , Insect Vectors/pathogenicity , Dengue Virus , Insect Bites and Stings , Viruses
13.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 59(3): 235-244, sept. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-588655

ABSTRACT

La mortalidad por diarrea ocurre casi en su totalidad en los países subdesarrollados. Esto, se debe fundamentalmente a las malas condiciones sanitarias que los caracterizan. En consecuencia, mientras estas condiciones no cambien, en estos países, el enfoque en el caso de las enfermedades diarreicas, debe concentrarse en el tratamiento. Un aspecto importante del tratamiento de la diarrea infantil es evitar la desnutrición que causa y en consecuencia, la alimentación apropiada durante la diarrea es de vital importancia. De acuerdo con esto, se estudió un modelo de diarrea en ratas que se basa en reemplazar parte del almidón de la dieta por lactosa lo cual permite obtener diarreas de severidad variable, que reproducen los efectos nutricionales de la diarrea infantil. Se estudiaron 5 niveles de reemplazo: 0, 30, 50, 70 y 90 por ciento y se realizaron colecciones fecales entre los días 1-3, 4-6, 11-13 y 18-20 del experimento. El reemplazo causó un aumento en la masa fecal que fue proporcional al nivel de sustitución. La masa fecal fue máxima durante la primera semana y disminuyó en las semanas subsiguientes. Se observó una reducción en la digestibilidad aparente de la proteína, grasa, carbohidratos y energía que fue proporcional a la severidad. La diarrea además estuvo asociada con una reducción en el consumo de alimento que en conjunto con la disminución en la absorción causaron un importante déficit de crecimiento. Este modelo reproduce los efectos negativos de la diarrea sobre la nutrición infantil y puede ser servir en la preselección de los alimentos más apropiados para la alimentación durante la diarrea.


Due to poor sanitary conditions, total global diarrhea mortality occurs almost exclusively in underdeveloped countries. Since, in these countries, sanitation is greatly overlooked, in the case of diarrheal disease, the emphasis must be oriented to treatment rather than prevention. An important aspect in the treatment of diarrheal disease is to avoid the malnutrition it causes and therefore, proper feeding during and after the diarrheal episode is a crucial issue. Accordingly, we studied a diarrhea rat model, based on the replacement of part of the dietary corn starch by lactose which produces diarrhea of increasing severity that reproduces the negative nutritional effects of diarrhea. Five levels of replacement (0, 30, 50, 70 y 90 percent) were studied and feces were collected on day 1-3, 4-6, 11-13 and 18-20 of the experiment. This resulted in an increment in fecal mass (diarrhea) which was proportional to the replacement level; it reached its maximum during the first week and declined thereafter. During the same period, reductions on the apparent digestibility of the dietary protein, fat, carbohydrates and energy were detected. These reductions were proportional to the severity of diarrhea and occurred in conjunction with a reduction in food intake. These two conditions resulted in a deficient growth which was also proportional to the severity of the lactose induced diarrhea. This model reproduces the negative effects that diarrhea has on infantile nutrition and it may be useful in pre-selecting the most appropriated foods to be tested in human studies.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Absorption , Diarrhea , Eating , Lactose , Nutrients , Animals, Laboratory
14.
An. venez. nutr ; 22(1): 12-19, 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-563746

ABSTRACT

Con el propósito de evaluar el estado nutricional de un grupo de adolescentes de la ciudad de Caracas, Venezuela, se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo, en 94 estudiantes de educación media de instituciones oficiales, con edades entre 15 y 18 años, sin historia de patologías. Con el consentimiento de los representantes, se tomó una muestra de sangre para determinar hemoglobina y hematocrito, glucosa, triglicéridos, colesterol total y fraccionado, hierro, ferritina, así como las vitaminas A y E. Adicionalmente se registró el peso y la talla para determinar el IMC. Se encontró en los adolescentes un 17% de sobrepeso, 12% de obesidad y un 4% de déficit nutricional. El 5% de los adolescentes presentó anemia, mientras que 10% y 17% presentaron valores bajos de hierro y ferritina sérica respectivamente, indicando que una fracción de la población tenía un pobre estado nutricional respecto al hierro. Dicha deficiencia fue mayor en el sexo femenino (28%). El 18% presentó valores bajos de vitamina E, y un 16% valores bajos de colesterol en HDL. En general el estudio detectó un grupo de adolescentes con sobrepeso así como con deficiencias nutricionales. A pesar de ser una población joven, el 33% presentó al menos 1 factor de riesgo cardiovascular, sugiriendo un riesgo potencial en la edad adulta.


The nutritional status of 94 apparently healthy high school students (15 to 18 years old), entering a pre-university course at the Universidad Simón Bolívar was evaluated. After a written consent of their representatives was obtained, the weight and height of these students was measured and a blood sample was collected. Hematocrit and haemoglobin were determined in whole blood whereas circulating glucose, triglycerides, total and fractionated cholesterol, iron, ferritin as well as vitamins A and E were determined in the serum. The results showed that according to BMI cut off points, 17% of the students were overweight, 12% were obese and only 4% showed evidence of nutritional deficit. Anemia affected 5% of the adolescents whereas 10% and 17% had low circulating iron and ferritin respectively. Low levels of iron status indicators reached 28% in the females. In addition, 18% had low vitamin E levels. In general, the students showed no risk of cardiovascular disease however, 16% of the population had low levels of HDL and despite their young age 33% had at least one risk factor, suggesting a potential risk at an older age. The study showed that among these adolescents there was a group exhibiting overweight as well as signs of nutritional deficiencies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Nutritional Status/immunology , Biomarkers/metabolism , Body Weights and Measures/methods , Environmental Biomarkers , Cross-Sectional Studies , Economic Indexes
15.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 56(1): 43-50, mar. 2006. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-441748

ABSTRACT

La diarrea magnifica los efectos de la desnutrición. En consecuencia, aquí se estudió el efecto de la diarrea sobre dos tipos de desnutrición (proteica y proteico-calórica). El experimento incluyó 42 ratas jóvenes de la cepa Sprague Dawley que se distribuyeron en tres grupos (14 ratas/grupo). Durante los primeros 16 días del experimento, el primer grupo recibió una dieta control ad-libitum, el segundo recibió la misma dieta pero su consumo se redujo en un 50% y el tercer grupo recibió una dieta deficiente en proteína. Al final de este período había ratas bien nutridas (controles) y con desnutrición proteica y calórico-proteica. Luego, a la mitad de estas ratas en cada grupo, se les produjo diarrea con lactosa y todas las ratas continuaron con su dieta y el régimen de alimentación preasignado durante una semana. Así, durante este período había ratas controles así como con deficiencia proteica o calórico-proteica que tenían diarrea y grupos idénticos que no tenían diarrea. Los resultados mostraron que la diarrea causó una disminución del consumo y del crecimiento en las ratas del grupo control y deficiente en proteína. Sin embargo, el grupo con deficiencia calórico-proteica no redujo su consumo ni disminuyó su crecimiento en respuesta a la diarrea. La consecuencia de esto fue que la diarrea produjo desnutrición en el grupo control y aumentó la desnutrición en el grupo deficiente en proteína, pero no tuvo un efecto adicional en el grupo con deficiencia calórico-proteica. Además, la reducción en la absorción aparente del nitrógeno y de la grasa asociada con la diarrea, fue mayor en las ratas deficientes en proteína. Este grupo también presentó las actividades más bajas de disacaridasas intestinales. Esto resultados muestran que la diarrea tiene un efecto negativo mayor en ratas con deficiencia proteica que con deficiencia calórico-proteica.


Diarrhea increases the effects of malnutrition. Accordingly, the effect of diarrhea on two types of malnutrition (protein deficiency and protein-calorie deficiency) was studied. The experiment included 42 young Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were distributed into three groups with 14 rats per group. During the first 16 of the experiment, the first group was fed a control diet ad libitum, the second received the same diet but with food intake reduced in 50% whereas the third group was offered a protein deficient diet. Thus, at the end of this period there were well-fed rats (control), as well as protein and protein-calorie malnourished rats. Then one half of the rats in each group were given lactose to produce diarrhea and all rats continued with their previously assigned diet and feeding regime during one more week. Therefore, during this period there were control rats, protein deficient rats and protein-calorie deficient rats with and without diarrhea. The results showed that diarrhea caused a substantial reduction in food intake and growth in the well-fed rats and also in the group fed the protein deficient diet. However, the protein-calorie deficient group did not reduce its intake nor its growth rate. As a result, diarrhea caused malnutrition in the control group and increased malnutrition in the protein deficient but it did not have an additional effect in the protein-calorie deficient rats. The apparent absorption of lipids and nitrogen measured in these rats showed that the absorption reduction caused by diarrhea was more pronounced in the protein deficient group. This group also had the lowest activities of intestinal disaccharidases. These results showed that diarrhea had a more detrimental effect in protein deficient than in protein-calorie deficient rats.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Intestinal Absorption/physiology , Intestine, Small/metabolism , Protein Deficiency/metabolism , Carbohydrate Metabolism , Diarrhea , Disease Models, Animal , Disaccharidases/metabolism , Fats/metabolism , Nitrogen/metabolism , Protein Deficiency/enzymology , Protein Deficiency/physiopathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/enzymology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/metabolism , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/physiopathology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
16.
Infectio ; 9(1): 24-30, mar. 2005. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-421390

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Realizar el seguimiento de la infección in vitro por enterovirus 71 (EV71) sobre celulas TE-671, evaluando la presencia de los antígenos virales y la pérdida de viabilidad en diferentes tiempos de infección. Materiales y métodos. Se infectaron cultivos de células TE-671 con diferentes diluciones de EV71, aislado de un caso de parálisis flácida aguda (3364-COL-94), y por varios tiempos posinfección (6,12,24,48,72 horas). Los cultivos se procesaron por una técnica de inmunoperoxidasa indirecta para obtener las proporciones de infección en cada condición. Simultáneamente, se realizó una prueba de viabilidad por el método bioquímico del MTT para evaluar la pérdida de la viabilidad celular debida a la infección. Resultados. Aunque por inmunocitoquímica se detectó infección desde las 6 horas después de la inoculación (pi), el efecto citopático y la mortalidad celular fueron drásticos después de 48 horas pi. De esta manera, el mejor tiempo para la detección de los antígenos virales fue a las 12 horas pi, momento en el cual la muerte celular no es tan grave, lo cual permite una adecuada detección del antígeno viral. Conclusiones. Se ratificó la alta receptividad de las células TE-671 a la infección por EV71, la cual se correlaciona con el importante efecto citopático evidenciando por la prueba de MTT, lo cual convierte a esta línea celular e un recurso eficiente para el aislamiento y la identificación de EV71 y, también, para estudios de su biología básica


Subject(s)
Enterovirus , In Vitro Techniques , Enterovirus Infections , T-Lymphocytes , Nerve Growth Factors , Cell Culture Techniques
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